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the firm is based in Berlin

  • 1 sitzen

    v/i; sitzt, saß, hat oder bes. südd., österr., schw. ist gesessen
    1. (hat oder ist) sit; am Steuer / im Sattel sitzen sit ( oder be seated) at the (steering) wheel / in the saddle; von morgens bis abends im Auto sitzen spend the whole day sitting in the car; sitz! zum Hund: sit!; bei jemandem sitzen sit beside ( oder next to, with) s.o.; sitzen Sie bequem? are you comfortable?; zu viel sitzen spend too much time sitting (on one’s backside umg.); das viele Sitzen ist nicht gut für dich all this sitting is bad for you; ich war ganz steif vom vielen Sitzen I was really stiff from all that sitting; etw. im Sitzen tun do s.th. sitting down; er sitzt auf seinem Geld umg., fig. he’s sitting on his money; sag mal, sitzt du auf den Ohren? umg., fig. are you deaf?, Am. auch have you got beans in your ears?
    2. (hat oder ist) (sein) sit, be; lieber zu Hause sitzen prefer to sit ( oder stay) at home; beim Essen sitzen be having one’s dinner ( oder lunch); beim Arzt sitzen umg. be at the doctor’s; im Gefängnis sitzen be in jail (clink umg.); siehe 5; den ganzen Tag in der Kneipe sitzen sit around in the pub all day; stundenlang vor dem Fernseher sitzen spend hours (sitting) in front of the television; stärker: be glued to the television for hours umg.; ich habe lange daran gesessen I spent a lot of time on it; über den Büchern sitzen sit (poring) over one’s books; sie sitzt immer noch an ihren Hausaufgaben she’s still doing her homework; sitzen in (+ Dat) Firma etc.: have its headquarters in; im Parlament sitzen have a seat in Parliament, Brit. auch be an MP ( oder a Member of Parliament); im Stadtrat sitzen be on the (town oder city) council; im Ausschuss sitzen be on the committee; sie sitzen immer noch they’re still in the meeting
    3. (hat) Kleidung: (passen) fit; (richtig angezogen sein) be on properly; deine Krawatte sitzt nicht richtig your tie’s not straight; dein Hut sitzt schief your hat’s not on straight, your hat’s crooked
    4. (hat) Modell: sit ( jemandem for s.o.)
    5. (hat) umg. im Gefängnis: do time; er saß sechs Monate wegen Diebstahl(s) he did six months for theft; er hat sein halbes Leben lang gesessen he’s spent half his life in jail
    6. (hat) umg. (treffen) find the target; bes. fig. go ( oder hit) home; das hat gesessen! that went ( oder hit) home; jeder Schuss / Schlag sitzt every shot / blow finds its target; bei ihm sitzt jeder Handgriff he knows exactly what he’s doing; jede Pointe saß every punch line went home
    7. (hat oder ist) fig. (stecken); wo sitzt der Schmerz? where does it hurt exactly?; da sitzt der Fehler! that’s where the problem lies; die Angst / der Hass sitzt tief the fear / hatred runs oder goes deep; mir sitzt der Schreck noch in den Gliedern I’m still shaking with fright; einen sitzen haben umg. have had one too many
    8. (hat) fig. gespr. ( im Gedächtnis) sitzen have sunk in; die Vokabeln sitzen gut / schlecht he etc. knows his etc. vocabulary off pat, Am. he’s etc. got his etc. vocabulary down pat / his etc. vocabulary’s shaky, he etc. needs to work on his etc. vocabulary; das sitzt noch nicht richtig it hasn’t quite sunk in yet
    9. (ist): sitzen bleiben remain ( oder stay) seated; umg. beim Tanz: be left without a partner, be a wallflower; (nicht geheiratet werden) be left on the shelf; bleiben Sie sitzen! don’t get up; im Theater etc.: stay in your seat(s); sitzen bleiben PÄD. have to repeat a year, Brit. auch stay down, Am. auch flunk umg.; er ist dreimal sitzen geblieben he had to repeat the class (Brit. auch stay down) three times all told; auf etw. sitzen bleiben be left with ( oder stuck with) s.th.
    10. (hat): sitzen lassen umg. leave, desert, walk out on; (Freund[in]) leave, walk out on, jilt; (versetzen) stand s.o. up; (im Stich lassen) let s.o. down, leave s.o. in the lurch; sie ließ ihn einfach sitzen (versetzte ihn) auch she just didn’t turn up; er hat sie mit drei Kindern sitzen lassen he walked out on her and three children, he left her to bring up three children on her own; einen Vorwurf etc. nicht auf sich (Dat) sitzen lassen not stand for ( oder take); das lasse ich nicht auf mir sitzen auch I’m not going to take that lying down; dass du so etwas auf dir sitzen lässt! I’m amazed that you would stand for that
    11. (ist) schw. (sich setzen) sit down; Patsche, Tinte etc.
    * * *
    (passen) to fit;
    (sich befinden) to sit; to be
    * * *
    sịt|zen ['zɪtsn] pret sa\#ß [zaːs] ptp gese\#ssen [gə'zɛsn]
    vi aux haben or (Aus, S Ger, Sw)sein
    1) (Mensch, Tier) to sit; (Vogel) to perch

    auf der Toilette sitzen — to be on (inf) or in the toilet

    beim Frühstück/Mittagessen sitzen — to be having breakfast/lunch

    beim Wein/Schach sitzen — to sit over a glass of wine/a game of chess

    an einer Aufgabe/über den Büchern/über einer Arbeit sitzen — to sit over a task/one's books/a piece of work

    See:
    2) (= Modell sitzen) to sit (jdm for sb)
    3) (= seinen Sitz haben) (Regierung, Gericht etc) to sit; (Firma) to have its headquarters
    4) (= Mitglied sein) (im Parlament) to have a seat (
    in +dat in); (im Vorstand, Aufsichtsrat etc) to be or sit ( in +dat on)
    5) (inf = im Gefängnis sitzen) to be inside (inf)

    gesessen haben — to have done time (inf), to have been inside (inf)

    6) (= sein) to be

    er sitzt in Bulgarien/im Kultusministerium (inf) — he's in Bulgaria/the ministry of culture

    7) (=angebracht sein Deckel, Schraube etc) to sit
    8) (= stecken) to be (stuck)
    9) (= im Gedächtnis sitzen) to have sunk in
    10) (= seinen Herd haben) (Infektion, Schmerz) to be; (fig Übel, Hass, Schmerz) to lie, to be
    11) (Kleid, Frisur) to sit
    12) (inf = treffen) to hit home

    das saß!, das hat gesessen! — that hit home

    13)
    * * *
    1) ((of birds) to perch: An owl was sitting in the tree by the window.) sit
    2) (to take up a position, or act as a model, in order to have one's picture painted or one's photograph taken: She is sitting for a portrait/photograph.) sit
    3) ((of a blow, insult etc) to reach the place where it will hurt most.) strike home
    * * *
    sit·zen
    <saß, gesessen>
    [ˈzɪtsn̩]
    vi Hilfsverb: haben o SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ sein
    1. (sich gesetzt haben) to sit; (auf einer Kante, Vogel a.) to perch
    wir saßen auf Barhockern und tranken ein Bier we perched on bar stools and had a beer
    sitz! (Befehl an Hund) sit!
    [bitte] bleib/bleiben Sie \sitzen! [please] don't get up, [please] remain seated form
    ▪ im S\sitzen when seated, sitting down, in/from a sitting position
    bequem/gut \sitzen to be comfortable [or sitting comfortably]
    sitzt du bequem? are you comfortable?
    eine \sitzende Lebensweise a sedentary life
    jdm Modell \sitzen to sit for sb
    2. (sich befinden) to sit
    sie sitzt noch bei Tisch (form) she is still eating [or having her meal]
    er sitzt den ganzen Tag vor dem Fernseher/in der Kneipe (fam) he spends the whole day sitting in front of the telly/in the pub BRIT fam
    ich habe stundenlang beim Zahnarzt \sitzen müssen I had to spend hours at the dentist's
    sie sitzt jetzt in einem kleinen Dorf (fam) she's living in a small village now
    er sitzt in Moskau und hat kein Geld für die Rückfahrt (fam) he's stuck in Moscow and has no money for a return ticket
    auf der Anklagebank \sitzen to be in the dock
    beim Frühstück/Mittagessen \sitzen to be having breakfast/lunch
    bei einem Glas Wein/einer Tasse Kaffee \sitzen to sit over a glass of wine/a cup of coffee
    beim Kartenspiel/Schach \sitzen to sit playing cards/over a game of chess
    im Sattel \sitzen to be in the saddle
    auf der Toilette \sitzen to be on the toilet
    ▪ an [o über] etw dat \sitzen to sit over sth
    sie sitzt viel über den Büchern she spends a lot of time sitting over her books
    an einer Arbeit \sitzen to sit over a piece of work
    4. JUR, POL (tagen) Gericht, Regierung to sit
    ▪ in etw dat \sitzen to sit on [or be in] sth
    sie sitzt in einigen Ausschüssen she sits on a number of committees
    er sitzt im Verteidigungsministerium he's in the Ministry of Defence BRIT [or AM Department of Defense]
    im Parlament/Vorstand \sitzen to have a seat in parliament/on the management board
    in der Regierung \sitzen to be with the government
    6. (fam: inhaftiert sein) to do time fam, to be inside fam
    er musste vier Jahre \sitzen he had to do four years fam
    gesessen haben to have done time [or been inside] fam
    ▪ irgendwo \sitzen Firma, Gesellschaft etc. to have its headquarters somewhere
    das Unternehmen sitzt in München the company is based [or has its headquarters] in Munich
    der Knopf sitzt an der falschen Stelle the button isn't in the right place
    die Tür sitzt schief in den Angeln the door is not hanging straight
    ▪ in etw dat \sitzen to be in sth
    der Splitter sitzt fest in meinem Zeh the splinter won't come out of my toe
    ihr sitzt der Schreck noch in den Gliedern (fig) her knees are still like jelly
    fest \sitzen to be stuck tight[ly]
    der Deckel/die Schraube sitzt ziemlich fest the lid is on/the screw is in rather tightly
    das Jackett sitzt gut the jacket fits well
    sitzt die Fliege korrekt? is my bow tie straight?
    dein Hut sitzt schief your hat is [on] crooked
    eng/locker \sitzend close-/loose-fitting
    11. MED (von etwas ausgehen) Infektion, Schmerz to be [located [or situated]]
    ihr Hass saß tief (fig) she felt nothing but hatred
    12. (fam: treffen) to hit [or strike] home
    das hat gesessen! that hit home!
    13. SCH
    [in Mathe/Englisch] \sitzen bleiben (fam) to [have to] repeat a year [in maths [or AM math]/English], to stay down [a year] [in maths/English] BRIT
    jdn \sitzen lassen (fam) to keep sb down [or hold sb back] [a year]
    auf etw dat \sitzen bleiben to be left with [or fam be sitting on] sth
    ▪ auf etw akk \sitzen to hang [or cling] on to sth
    sie sitzt auf ihrem Geld she's very tight with her money fam
    16. (fam: gut eingeübt sein) to have sunk in
    du musst die Vokabeln so oft wiederholen, bis sie \sitzen you must keep on repeating the vocab till it sticks fam
    sie hatte so lange geübt, bis jeder Schritt wie im Schlafe saß she had practised till she could do every step in her sleep
    17.
    ▶ \sitzen bleiben (pej fam: als Frau unverheiratet) to be left on the shelf; (beim Tanz) to be left sitting
    ▶ jdm auf den Fersen \sitzen to be on sb's tail
    ▶ einen \sitzen haben (fam) to have had one too many
    ▶ jdn \sitzen lassen (fam: im Stich lassen) to leave sb in the lurch; (versetzen) to stand sb up fam; (nicht heiraten) to jilt [or walk out on] sb
    er hat Frau und Kinder \sitzen lassen he left his wife and children
    ▶ etw nicht auf sich dat \sitzen lassen not to take [or stand for] sth
    das lasse ich nicht auf mir \sitzen I won't take [or stand for] that
    ▶ jdm auf der Pelle [o dem Pelz] sitzen (fam) to keep bothering sb, to keep on at sb fam
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein
    1) sit

    bleiben Sie bitte sitzen — please don't get up; please remain seated

    jemandem auf der Pelle od. dem Pelz sitzen — (salopp) keep bothering somebody; keep on at somebody (coll.)

    2) (sein) be

    einen sitzen haben — (salopp) have had one too many

    3) ([gut] passen) fit
    4) (ugs.): (gut eingeübt sein)

    Lektionen so oft wiederholen, bis sie sitzen — keep on repeating lessons till they stick (coll.)

    5) (ugs.): (wirksam treffen) hit home
    6) (Mitglied sein) be, sit (in + Dat. on)
    7) (ugs.): (eingesperrt sein) be in prison or (sl.) inside
    8)

    sitzen bleiben — (ugs.) ( nicht versetzt werden) stay down [a year]; have to repeat a year; (abwertend): (als Frau unverheiratet bleiben) be left on the shelf

    auf etwas (Dat.) sitzen bleiben — (etwas nicht loswerden) be left or (coll.) stuck with something

    jemanden sitzen lassen — (ugs.): (nicht heiraten) jilt somebody; (ugs.): (im Stich lassen) leave somebody in the lurch

    etwas nicht auf sich (Dat.) sitzen lassen — not take something; not stand for something

    •• Cultural note:
    If German pupils fail more than one subject in their end-of-year school report, they have to repeat the year. This is colloquially referred to as sitzen bleiben, and it means that some pupils do not manage to sit their Abitur until they are 20
    * * *
    sitzen v/i; sitzt, saß, hat oder besonders südd, österr, schweiz ist gesessen
    am Steuer/im Sattel sitzen sit ( oder be seated) at the (steering) wheel/in the saddle;
    von morgens bis abends im Auto sitzen spend the whole day sitting in the car;
    sitz! zum Hund: sit!;
    bei jemandem sitzen sit beside ( oder next to, with) sb;
    sitzen Sie bequem? are you comfortable?;
    zu viel sitzen spend too much time sitting (on one’s backside umg);
    das viele Sitzen ist nicht gut für dich all this sitting is bad for you;
    ich war ganz steif vom vielen Sitzen I was really stiff from all that sitting;
    etwas im Sitzen tun do sth sitting down;
    er sitzt auf seinem Geld umg, fig he’s sitting on his money;
    sag mal, sitzt du auf den Ohren? umg, fig are you deaf?, US auch have you got beans in your ears?
    lieber zu Hause sitzen prefer to sit ( oder stay) at home;
    beim Essen sitzen be having one’s dinner ( oder lunch);
    beim Arzt sitzen umg be at the doctor’s;
    im Gefängnis sitzen be in jail (clink umg); → 5;
    den ganzen Tag in der Kneipe sitzen sit around in the pub all day;
    stundenlang vor dem Fernseher sitzen spend hours (sitting) in front of the television; stärker: be glued to the television for hours umg;
    ich habe lange daran gesessen I spent a lot of time on it;
    über den Büchern sitzen sit (poring) over one’s books;
    sie sitzt immer noch an ihren Hausaufgaben she’s still doing her homework;
    sitzen in (+dat) Firma etc: have its headquarters in;
    im Parlament sitzen have a seat in Parliament, Br auch be an MP ( oder a Member of Parliament);
    im Stadtrat sitzen be on the (town oder city) council;
    im Ausschuss sitzen be on the committee;
    sie sitzen immer noch they’re still in the meeting
    3. (hat) Kleidung: (passen) fit; (richtig angezogen sein) be on properly;
    deine Krawatte sitzt nicht richtig your tie’s not straight;
    dein Hut sitzt schief your hat’s not on straight, your hat’s crooked
    4. (hat) Modell: sit (
    jemandem for sb)
    5. (hat) umg im Gefängnis: do time;
    er saß sechs Monate wegen Diebstahl(s) he did six months for theft;
    er hat sein halbes Leben lang gesessen he’s spent half his life in jail
    6. (hat) umg (treffen) find the target; besonders fig go ( oder hit) home;
    das hat gesessen! that went ( oder hit) home;
    jeder Schuss/Schlag sitzt every shot/blow finds its target;
    bei ihm sitzt jeder Handgriff he knows exactly what he’s doing;
    jede Pointe saß every punch line went home
    7. (hat oder ist) fig (stecken);
    wo sitzt der Schmerz? where does it hurt exactly?;
    da sitzt der Fehler! that’s where the problem lies;
    die Angst/der Hass sitzt tief the fear/hatred runs oder goes deep;
    mir sitzt der Schreck noch in den Gliedern I’m still shaking with fright;
    einen sitzen haben umg have had one too many
    8. (hat) fig gespr
    die Vokabeln sitzen gut/schlecht he etc knows his etc vocabulary off pat, US he’s etc got his etc vocabulary down pat/his etc vocabulary’s shaky, he etc needs to work on his etc vocabulary;
    das sitzt noch nicht richtig it hasn’t quite sunk in yet
    9. (ist):
    sitzen bleiben remain ( oder stay) seated; umg beim Tanz: be left without a partner, be a wallflower; (nicht geheiratet werden) be left on the shelf;
    bleiben Sie sitzen! don’t get up; im Theater etc: stay in your seat(s);
    sitzen bleiben SCHULE have to repeat a year, Br auch stay down, US auch flunk umg;
    er ist dreimal sitzen geblieben he had to repeat the class (Br auch stay down) three times all told;
    auf etwas sitzen bleiben be left with ( oder stuck with) sth
    10. (hat):
    sitzen lassen umg leave, desert, walk out on; (Freund[in]) leave, walk out on, jilt; (versetzen) stand sb up; (im Stich lassen) let sb down, leave sb in the lurch;
    er hat sie mit drei Kindern sitzen lassen he walked out on her and three children, he left her to bring up three children on her own;
    einen Vorwurf etc
    sitzen lassen not stand for ( oder take);
    das lasse ich nicht auf mir sitzen auch I’m not going to take that lying down;
    dass du so etwas auf dir sitzen lässt! I’m amazed that you would stand for that
    11. (ist) schweiz (sich setzen) sit down; → Patsche, Tinte etc
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein
    1) sit

    bleiben Sie bitte sitzen — please don't get up; please remain seated

    jemandem auf der Pelle od. dem Pelz sitzen — (salopp) keep bothering somebody; keep on at somebody (coll.)

    2) (sein) be

    einen sitzen haben — (salopp) have had one too many

    3) ([gut] passen) fit
    4) (ugs.): (gut eingeübt sein)

    Lektionen so oft wiederholen, bis sie sitzen — keep on repeating lessons till they stick (coll.)

    5) (ugs.): (wirksam treffen) hit home
    6) (Mitglied sein) be, sit (in + Dat. on)
    7) (ugs.): (eingesperrt sein) be in prison or (sl.) inside
    8)

    sitzen bleiben — (ugs.) ( nicht versetzt werden) stay down [a year]; have to repeat a year; (abwertend): (als Frau unverheiratet bleiben) be left on the shelf

    auf etwas (Dat.) sitzen bleiben — (etwas nicht loswerden) be left or (coll.) stuck with something

    jemanden sitzen lassen — (ugs.): (nicht heiraten) jilt somebody; (ugs.): (im Stich lassen) leave somebody in the lurch

    etwas nicht auf sich (Dat.) sitzen lassen — not take something; not stand for something

    •• Cultural note:
    If German pupils fail more than one subject in their end-of-year school report, they have to repeat the year. This is colloquially referred to as sitzen bleiben, and it means that some pupils do not manage to sit their Abitur until they are 20
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: saß, gesessen)
    = to sit v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: sat)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > sitzen

  • 2 Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

    [br]
    b. 19 July 1814 Clefmont (Haute-Marne), France
    d. 11 September 1891 Le Mans, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the rotor-stator wind engine and founder of the Bollée manufacturing industry.
    [br]
    Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.
    In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.
    The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.
    Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".
    The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    André Gaucheron and J.Kenneth Major, 1985, The Eolienne Bollée, The International Molinological Society.
    Cénomane (Le Mans), 11, 12 and 13 (1983 and 1984).
    KM

    Biographical history of technology > Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

  • 3 Brandt, Alfred

    [br]
    b. 3 September 1846 Hamburg, Germany
    d. 29 November 1899 Brig, Switzerland
    [br]
    German mechanical engineer, developer of a hydraulic rock drill.
    [br]
    The son of a Hamburg merchant, he studied mechanical engineering at the Polytechnikum in Zurich and was engaged in constructing a railway line in Hungary and Austria before he returned to Switzerland. At Airolo, where the Gotthard tunnel was to commence, he designed a hydraulic rock drill; the pneumatic ones, similar to the Ingersoll type, did not satisfy him. His drill consisted of two parts instead of three: the hydraulic motor and the installation for drilling. At the Sulzer company of Winterthur his first design, a percussion drill, in 1876, was developed into a rotary drill which worked with greatest success in the construction of various railway tunnels and also helped to reduce costs in the mining industry.
    His Hamburg-based firm Brandt \& Brandau consequently was soon engaged in many tunnelling and mining projects throughout Germany, as well as abroad. During the years 1883 and 1895 Brandt spent time in exploration in Spain and reopening the lead-mines in Posada. His most ambitious task was to co-operate in drafting the Simplon tunnel, the construction of which relied greatly on his knowledge and expertise. The works began several years behind schedule, in 1898, and consequently he was unable to see its completion.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1877, "Beschreibung und Abbildung der Brandtschen Bohrmaschine", Eisenbahn 7 (13).
    Further Reading
    C.Matschoss, 1925, Manner der Technik, Berlin.
    G.E.Lucas, 1926, Der Tunnel. Anlage und Bau, Vol. 2, Berlin, pp. 49–55 (deals with his achievements in the construction of tunnels).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Brandt, Alfred

  • 4 Rosenhain, Walter

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 24 August 1875 Berlin, Germany
    d. 17 March 1934 Kingston Hill, Surrey, England
    [br]
    German metallurgist, first Superintendent of the Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex.
    [br]
    His family emigrated to Australia when he was 5 years old. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and attended Queen's College, University of Melbourne, graduating in physics and engineering in 1897. As an 1851 Exhibitioner he then spent three years at St John's College, Cambridge, under Sir Alfred Ewing, where he studied the microstructure of deformed metal crystals and abandoned his original intention of becoming a civil engineer. Rosenhain was the first to observe the slip-bands in metal crystals, and in the Bakerian Lecture delivered jointly by Ewing and Rosenhain to the Royal Society in 1899 it was shown that metals deformed plastically by a mechanism involving shear slip along individual crystal planes. From this conception modern ideas on the plasticity and recrystallization of metals rapidly developed. On leaving Cambridge, Rosenhain joined the Birmingham firm of Chance Brothers, where he worked for six years on optical glass and lighthouse-lens systems. A book, Glass Manufacture, written in 1908, derives from this period, during which he continued his metallurgical researches in the evenings in his home laboratory and published several papers on his work.
    In 1906 Rosenhain was appointed Head of the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), and in 1908 he became the first Superintendent of the new Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry. Many of the techniques he introduced at Teddington were described in his Introduction to Physical Metallurgy, published in 1914. At the outbreak of the First World War, Rosenhain was asked to undertake work in his department on the manufacture of optical glass. This soon made it possible to manufacture optical glass of high quality on an industrial scale in Britain. Much valuable work on refractory materials stemmed from this venture. Rosenhain's early years at the NPL were, however, inseparably linked with his work on light alloys, which between 1912 and the end of the war involved virtually all of the metallurgical staff of the laboratory. The most important end product was the well-known "Y" Alloy (4% copper, 2% nickel and 1.5% magnesium) extensively used for the pistons and cylinder heads of aircraft engines. It was the prototype of the RR series of alloys jointly developed by Rolls Royce and High Duty Alloys. An improved zinc-based die-casting alloy devised by Rosenhain was also used during the war on a large scale for the production of shell fuses.
    After the First World War, much attention was devoted to beryllium, which because of its strength, lightness, and stiffness would, it was hoped, become the airframe material of the future. It remained, however, too brittle for practical use. Other investigations dealt with impurities in copper, gases in aluminium alloys, dental alloys, and the constitution of alloys. During this period, Rosenhain's laboratory became internationally known as a centre of excellence for the determination of accurate equilibrium diagrams.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1913. President, Institute of Metals 1828–30. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal, Carnegie Medal.
    Bibliography
    1908, Glass Manufacture.
    1914, An Introduction to the Study of Physical Metallurgy, London: Constable. Rosenhain published over 100 research papers.
    Further Reading
    J.L.Haughton, 1934, "The work of Walter Rosenhain", Journal of the Institute of Metals 55(2):17–32.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Rosenhain, Walter

  • 5 Mouriés, Hippolyte Mège

    [br]
    b. 24 October 1817 Draguignan, France
    d. 1880 France
    [br]
    French inventor of margarine.
    [br]
    The son of a schoolmaster. Mouriés became a chemist's assistant in his home town at the age of 16. He then spent a period of training in Aix-enProvence, and in 1838 he moved to Paris, where he became Assistant to the Resident Pharmacist at the Hotel Dieu Hospital. He stayed there until 1846 but never sat his final exams. His main success during this period was with the drug Copahin, which was used against syphilis; he invented an oral formulation of the drug by treating it with nitric acid. In the 1840s he took out various patents relating to tanning and to sugar extraction, and in the 1850s he turned his attention to food research. He developed a health chocolate with his calcium phosphate protein, and also developed a method that made it possible to gain 14 per cent more white bread from a given quantity of wheat. He lectured on this process in Berlin and Brussels and was awarded two gold medals. After 1862 he concentrated his research on fats. His margarine process was based on the cold saponification of milk in fat emulsions and was patented in both France and Britain in 1869. These experiments were carried out at the Ferme Impériale de La Faisanderie in Vincennes, the personal property of the Emperor, and it is therefore likely that they were State-funded. He sold his knowledge to the Dutch firm Jurgens in 1871, and between 1873 and 1874 he also sold his British, American and Prussian rights. His final patent, in 1875, was for canned meat.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Napoleon III awarded him the Légion d'honneur for his work on wheat and bread.
    Further Reading
    J.H.van Stuyvenberg (ed.), Margarine: An Economic, Social and Scientific History, 1869–1969 (provides a brief outline of the life of Mouriés in a comprehensive history of his discovery).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Mouriés, Hippolyte Mège

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